Substitution is the replacement of one item by
another
Examples:
1. John bought a new white shirt
yesterday.
I bought the same.
2. I don’t
know the meaning of half those long words, and, what’s more, I don’t believe
you do either.
Notes: 1. The
word ‘do’ in sentence 1 is as
substitute for the phrase ‘a new white
shirt’.
2. The word ‘do’
in sentence 2 replaces ‘know the
meaning of half those long words’.
Substitution is as follows:
a) INDEFINITE
PRONOUNS à
one(s), some, any, either, neither,
few/fewer/fewest, many/more/most, (a) little/less/least, much/more/most,
several, enough, each, all, half, both, other(s), another. These are
indefinite (quantitative) pronouns of the kind which enters into the
of-construction.
b) DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUNS à
that, those.
c) PRO-PREDICATE
and PRO-PREDICATION à
do.
d) PRO-COMPLEMENT,
PRO-PREDICATION, and PRO-CLAUSE à
so.
e) PRONOUN
and PRO-COMPLEMENT à
the same, likewise, similarly.
f) ADVERBS
of process à
so, thus: and of degree or intensity à
so, that.
In
addition, the words like the former, the latter, the rest,
and the remain can be considered as ‘substitution’.
Ellipsis, however, is a ‘grammatical
omission’.
Examples:
1. She sings better than I can.
2. Glad
to see you.
Notes: 1. The
imitted item in sentence 1 is the verb ‘sing’.
The complete sentence will be: ‘she sings better than I can sing’.
2. The omission in sentence 2 is ‘I am’ prior to ‘Glad to see you’.
The complete statement will be: ‘I am glad to see you’.
Criteria for Ellipsis
In view of the variable application
of the above criteria (a-e) for ellipsis, it is reasonable to use the term
‘ellipsis’ in a way which acknowledges different degree of srietness in its
interpretation. Table 12.37
illustrates that the kinds of omission discussed above show various kinds of
family resemblance to one another, and may be loosely ranged on a gradient
extending from the strictedt form of ellipsis (1) to semantic implication (9):
Table 12.37 –
Criteria for Ellipsis
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
(e)
+ + + + + (1) I’m happy if you are (happy).
+ + + + - (2) She sings better than I can
(sing).
+ ? - + (+) (3) She works harder than him
(*works).
+ + + - () (4) (I am) Glad to see you.
-
+ + + - (5)
{(since he was)} {(being)} Angry, he stalked out.
+ ? + - () (6) I believe (that) you are wrong.
-
+ + - () (7)
The man (that/who/whom/) I saw was half asleep.
-
? + - () (8)
Houses (that/which are) owned by Mr. Smith…
-
- + - () (9)
The door opened and (then/after that/…) Mary entered
|
Criteria:
(a)
The missing expression is precisely recoverable.
(b)
The elliptical construction is ‘defective’.
(c)
The insertion of the missing expression results in a
grammatical sentence with the same meaning as the elliptical sentence.
(d)
The missing expression is recoverable from the neighbouring
text (rather than from the structural or situational context).
(e)
The missing expression is an exact copy of the antecedent.
|
KEYS:
+ The criterion is satisfied.
- - The
criterion is not satisfied.
? ? There is doubt about the criterion’s
satification.
(+) (+) With the required grammatical change,
the criterion would apply.
() ( ) The criterion is not applicable.
NB: Tugas Reading Comprehension
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