Sabtu, 11 Oktober 2014

Identifying and Analyzing Reference In Readings



          Reference words in a text or texts refers to a single noun or a noun phrase made up several words. There are three types of reference: personal, demonstrative and comparative. The personal reference is the reference by means of function in the context of a text, through the category of person.


Table 1: Personal Reference

Existential
Possesive
Head
Modifier
Noun (pronoun)
Determiner

I me

You
We Us
He Him
She Her
They Them
It
One

Mine

Yours
Ours
His
Hers
Theirs
[its]

My

Your
Our
His
Her
Their
Its
One’s




Semantic Category
Grammatical function
             Class
Person: Speaker (only) addressee(s), with/without other person(s) other person, male other person, female other person; objects object; passage of text generalized person.
                       The second type is demonstrative reference that is the one by means of location, on a scale of proximity.



Table 2: Demonstrative Reference

Selective
Non-selective
Modifier/Head
Adjunct
Modifier
Determiner
Adverb
Determiner

This Those
That Those


Here [Now]
There Then



The
Semantic category
Grammatical function
Class

Proximity:
Near, Far, and Neutral
            The last sort is comparative reference, namely, indirect reference by means of identity or similarity.


Table 3: Comparative Reference

Modifier:
Deictic/Epithet
(see below)
Submodifier/Adjunct
Adjective
Adverb

Same identical equal
Similar additional



Other different else

Identically
Similarly likewise
so such


differently otherwise
Better, more etc
[comparative, adjective, and quantifiers
So more less equally
Grammatical function
Class
General comparison:
Identity general similarity

Difference (ie non-identity or similarity)
Particular comparison
           
          The referents, however, are the words or phrase to which the reference words (personal, demonstrative and comparative references) refer. They may be a single noun or a group of words.

NB: Tugas Reading Comprehension

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