Identifying and Analyzing Reference In Readings

          Reference words in a text or texts refers to a single noun or a noun phrase made up several words. There are three types of reference: personal, demonstrative and comparative. The personal reference is the reference by means of function in the context of a text, through the category of person.

Table 1: Personal Reference

Existential	Possesive
Head			Modifier
Noun (pronoun)	Determiner
I me You We Us He Him She Her They Them It One	Mine Yours Ours His Hers Theirs [its]	My Your Our His Her Their Its One’s

Semantic Category

Grammatical function

             Class

Person: Speaker (only) addressee(s), with/without other person(s) other person, male other person, female other person; objects object; passage of text generalized person.

                       The second type is demonstrative reference that is the one by means of location, on a scale of proximity.

Table 2: Demonstrative Reference

Selective		Non-selective
Modifier/Head	Adjunct	Modifier
Determiner	Adverb	Determiner
This Those That Those	Here [Now] There Then	The

Semantic category

Grammatical function

Class

Proximity:

Near, Far, and Neutral

            The last sort is comparative reference, namely, indirect reference by means of identity or similarity.

Table 3: Comparative Reference

Modifier: Deictic/Epithet (see below)	Submodifier/Adjunct
Adjective	Adverb
Same identical equal Similar additional Other different else	Identically Similarly likewise so such differently otherwise
Better, more etc [comparative, adjective, and quantifiers	So more less equally

Grammatical function

Class

General comparison:

Identity general similarity

Difference (ie non-identity or similarity)

Particular comparison

           

          The referents, however, are the words or phrase to which the reference words (personal, demonstrative and comparative references) refer. They may be a single noun or a group of words.

NB: Tugas Reading Comprehension